小雅·湛露
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两汉]:佚名
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湛湛露斯,匪阳不晞。厌厌夜饮,不醉无归。
湛湛露斯,在彼丰草。厌厌夜饮,在宗载考。
湛湛露斯,在彼杞棘。显允君子,莫不令德。
其桐其椅,其实离离。岂弟君子,莫不令仪。
小雅·湛露译文及注释
译文
早晨露珠重又浓,太阳不出不蒸发。如此盛大的晚宴,不喝一醉不回家。
早晨露珠重又浓,挂在丰茂草丛中。如此盛大的晚宴,设在宗庙真隆重。
早晨露珠重又浓,洒在枸杞酸枣丛。光明磊落的君子,个个都有好名声。
高大椅树和梧桐,结的果实一重重。和乐宽厚的君子,处处表现好仪容。
注释
湛湛:露水浓重的样子。斯:语气词。
匪:通“非”。晞(xī):干。
厌(yān)厌:一作“懕(yān)懕”,和悦的样子。夜饮:即晚宴。
宗:宗庙。载(zài):则,一说充满。考:成,一说“考”通“孝”,另一说“考”指宫庙落成典礼中的“考祭”。
杞(qǐ)棘(jí):枸杞和酸枣,皆灌木,又皆身有剌而果实甘酸可食。
显允:光明磊落而诚信忠厚。显,光明;允,诚信。
令德:美德。令,善美。
桐:桐有多种,古多指梧桐。椅:山桐子木,梓树中有美丽花纹者。
离离:果实多而下垂貌。犹“累累”。
岂(kǎi)弟(tì):同“恺悌”,和乐平易的样子。
令仪:美好的容止、威仪。仪,仪容,风范。
参考资料:
1、王秀梅 译注.诗经(下):雅颂.北京:中华书局,2015:365-367
2、姜亮夫 等.先秦诗鉴赏辞典.上海:上海辞书出版社,1998:350-352
小雅·湛露创作背景
《小雅·湛露》这首诗是天子宴请诸侯时才演奏的乐曲。至于所宴饮之诸侯为同姓还是兼有异姓,前人尚有争议。从《小雅·六月》的《小序》有“《湛露》废则万国离矣”来看,似应兼同异姓而言,可见诗本同姓贵族的宴饮诗,约春秋时已用为天子宴飨诸侯的乐章。
参考资料:
1、王秀梅 译注.诗经(下):雅颂.北京:中华书局,2015:365-367
2、姜亮夫 等.先秦诗鉴赏辞典.上海:上海辞书出版社,1998:350-352
小雅·湛露鉴赏
此诗四章,每章四句,各章前两句均为起兴,且兴词紧扣下文事象:宴饮是在夜间举行的,而大宴必至夜深,夜深则户外露浓;宗庙外的环境,最外是萋萋的芳草,建筑物四围则遍植杞、棘等灌木,而近户则是扶疏的桐、梓一类乔木,树木上且挂满果实——此时一切都笼罩在夜露之中。
“白露”“寒露”为农历八、九月之节气,而从夜露甚浓又可知天气晴朗,或明月当空或繁星满天,户厅之外,弥漫着祥和的静谧之气;户厅之内,则杯觥交错,宾主尽欢,“君曰:‘无不醉’,宾及卿大夫皆兴,对曰:‘诺,敢不醉!’”(《仪礼·燕礼》)内外动静映衬,是一幅绝妙的“清秋夜宴图”。
若就其深层意蕴而言,宗庙周围的丰草、杞棘和桐椅,也许依次暗示血缘的由疏及亲;然而更可能是隐喻宴饮者的品德风范:既然“载考”呼应“丰草”,“载”义为充盈,而“丰”指繁茂,那么“杞棘”之有刺而能结实不可能与君子的既坦荡光明(显)又诚悫忠信(允)无涉,更不用说桐椅之实的“离离”——既累累繁盛又历历分明——与君子们一个个醉不失态风度依然优美如仪(与《小雅·宾之初筵》的狂醉可对看)的关系了。只是至此还没有说到最重要的意象“湛湛”之“露”究属何意。
前人大多理解湛露既然临于草树,则无疑象征着王之恩泽。若就二、三章而言,这也不差,只是以之揣摩首章,却不像了。露之湛湛其义蕴犹情之殷殷,热情得酒之催发则情意更烈,正好比湛露得朝阳则交汇蒸腾。
此诗章法结构之美既如陈奂所言“首章不言露之所在,二章三章不言阳,末章并不言露,皆互见其义”,又如朱熹引曾氏曰:“前两章言厌厌夜饮,后两章言令德令仪”。后者需补充的是:在这两者之间,第三章兼有过渡性质(一、二承上,三、四启下)。雅诗的章法结构比风诗更为讲究,于此亦见一斑。
音韵的谐美也是此诗一大特点:除了隔句式押韵外,前两章以一、三句句头的“湛湛”与“厌厌”呼应,去和二、四句句尾的脚韵共构成回环之美;至后两章则改为顶真式谐音,表现为“杞棘”的准双声与“显允”的准叠韵勾连,而“离离”的双叠也与“岂弟”的叠韵勾连(作为过渡,三章“湛湛”与“显允”的尾音也和谐呼应)。
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佚名《
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采苓》
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佚名《
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小雅·彤弓》
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