点绛唇·丁未冬过吴松作
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宋代]：姜夔
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燕雁无心，太湖西畔随云去。数峰清苦。商略黄昏雨。
点绛唇·丁未冬过吴松作译文及注释
译文
北方的鸿雁悠然自在，从太湖西畔随着白云飘浮。几座孤峰萧瑟愁苦，好像在商量黄昏是否下雨。
我真想在第四桥边，跟随天随子一起隐居。可他如今在何处？我独倚栏杆缅怀千古，只见衰柳参差风中飞舞。
注释
丁未：即公元1187年（宋孝宗淳熙十四年）。吴松：即今吴江市，属江苏省。
燕雁：指北方幽燕一带的鸿雁。燕雁无心：羡慕飞鸟的无忧无虑，自由自在。
太湖：江苏南境的大湖泊。
商略：商量、酝酿。
第四桥：即吴松城外的甘泉桥。
天随：晚唐陆龟蒙，自号天随子。
何许：何处，何时。
点绛唇·丁未冬过吴松作创作背景
公元1187年（南宋淳熙十四年丁未）冬天，姜夔往返于湖州与苏州两地之间，经过吴松（今江苏吴江）时，乃作此词。姜夔平时最心仪于晚唐隐逸诗人陆龟蒙，龟蒙生前隐居之地，正是吴松。
点绛唇·丁未冬过吴松作鉴赏
姜夔论诗有四素：气象、体面、血脉、韵度。对四者的要求且是“气象欲其浑厚”、“体面欲其宏大”、“血脉欲其贯通”、“韵度欲其飘逸”。虽是论诗之语，移之于词，也甚贴切。读此词，知其所言非虚。此词之意境，呈为一宇宙。
上片之境，乃词人俯仰天地之境。“燕雁无心”。燕念平声（yān烟），北地也。燕雁即北来之雁。时值冬天，正是燕雁南飞的时节。陆龟蒙咏北雁之诗甚多，如《孤雁》：“我生天地间，独作南宾雁。”《归雁》：“北走南征象我曹，天涯迢递翼应劳。”《京口》：“雁频辞蓟北。”《金陵道》：“北雁行行直。”《雁》：“南北路何长。”白石诗词亦多咏雁，诗如《雁图》、《除夜》，词如《浣溪沙》及此词。可能与他多年居无定所，浪迹江湖的感受及对龟蒙的万分心仪有关。劈头写入空中之燕雁，正是暗喻飘泊之人生。无心即无机心，犹言纯任天然。点出燕雁随季节而飞之无心，则又喻示自己性情之纯任天然。此亦化用龟蒙诗意。陆龟蒙《秋赋有期因寄袭美》：“云似无心水似闲。”《和袭美新秋即事》：“心似孤云任所之，世尘中更有谁知。”下句紧接无心写出：“太湖西畔随云去。”燕雁随着淡淡白云，沿着太湖西畔悠悠飞去。燕雁之远去，暗喻自己飘泊江湖之感。随云而无心，则喻示自己纯任天然之意，宋陈郁《藏一话腴》云：白石“襟期洒落，如晋宋间人。语到意工，不期于高远而自高远。”范成大称其“翰墨人品，皆似晋宋之雅士。”张羽《白石道人传》亦曰其“体貌轻盈，望之若神仙中人。”但白石与晋宋名士实有不同，晋宋所谓名士实为优游卒岁的贵族，而白石一生布衣，又值南宋衰微之际，家国恨、身世愁实非晋宋名士可比。故下文写出忧国伤时之念。太湖西畔一语，意境阔大遥远。太湖包孕吴越，“天水合为一”（陆龟蒙《初入太湖》）。此词意境实与天地同大也。“数峰清苦。商略黄昏雨。”商略一语，本有商量之义，又有酝酿义。湖上数峰清寂愁苦，黄昏时分，正酝酿着一番雨意。此句的数峰之清苦无可奈何反衬人亡万千愁苦。从来拟人写山，鲜此奇绝之笔。比之辛稼轩之“我见青山多妩媚，料青山，见我应如是”（《虞美人》），又是不同的况味。
下片之境，乃词人俯仰今古之境。“第四桥边，拟共天随住。”第四桥即“吴江城外之甘泉桥”（郑文焯《绝妙好词校录》），“以泉品居第四”故名（乾隆《苏州府志》）。这是陆龟蒙的故乡。《吴郡图经续志》云：“陆龟蒙宅在松江上甫里。”松江即吴江。天随者，天随子也，龟蒙之自号。天随语出《庄子。在宥》“神动而天随”，意即精神之动静皆随顺天然。龟蒙本有胸怀济世之志，其《村夜二首》云：“岂无致君术，尧舜不上下。岂无活国力，颇牧齐教化。”可是他身处晚唐末世，举进士又不第，只好隐逸江湖。白石平生亦非无壮志，《昔游》诗云：“徘徊望神州，沉叹英雄寡。”《永遇乐》：“中原生聚，神京耆老，南望长淮金鼓。”但他亦举进士而不第，飘泊江湖一生。此陆、姜二人相似之一也。龟蒙精于《春秋》，其《甫里先生传》自述：“性野逸无羁检，好读古圣人书，探大籍识大义”，“贞元中，韩晋公尝著《春秋通例》，刻之于石”，“而颠倒漫漶翳塞，无一通者，殆将百年，人不敢指斥疵纇，先生恐疑误后学，乃著书摭而辨之。”白石则精于礼乐，曾于南宋庆元三年“进《大乐议》于朝”，时南渡已六七十载，乐典久已亡灭，白石对当时乐制包括乐器乐曲歌辞，提出全面批评与建树之构想，“书奏，诏付太常。”（《宋史·乐志六》）以布衣而对传统文化负有高度责任感，此二人又一相同也。正是这种精神气质上的认同感，使白石有了“沉思只羡天随子，蓑笠寒江过一生”（《三高祠》诗），及“三生定是陆天随”（《除夜》诗）之语。第四桥边，拟共天随住，即是这种认同感的体现。
第四桥边，其地仍在，天随子，其人则往矣。中间下拟共二字，便将仍在之故地与已往之古人与自己连结起来，泯没了古今时间之界限。这是词人为打破古今局限寻求与古人的精神句诵而采取的特殊笔法。再如刘过《沁园春》之与东坡、乐天、林和靖交游，亦是此一笔法。以上写了自然、人生、历史，笔笔翻出新意结笔更写出现时代，笔力无限。“今何许”三字，语意丰富，涵盖深广。何许有何时、何处、为何、如何等多重含义。故“今何许”包含今是何世、世运至于何处、为何至此、如何面对等意。此是囊括宇宙、人生、历史、时代之一大反诘，是充满哲学反思意味一大反诘。而其中重点，主要在“今”之一字。凭栏怀古，笔力雄劲，气象阔大。古与今上下映照成文，补足“今何许”一大反诘之历史意蕴。应知此地古属吴越，吴越兴亡之殷鉴，曾引起晚唐龟蒙之无限感慨：“香径长洲尽棘丛，奢云艳雨只悲风。吴王事事须亡国，未必西施胜六宫。”（《吴宫怀古》）亦不能不引起南宋白石之无限感慨：“美人台上昔欢娱，今日空台望五湖。残雪未融青草死，苦无麋鹿过姑苏。”（《除夜》）
怀古正是伤今。“残柳参差舞，”柳本纤弱，那堪又残，故其舞也参差不齐，然而仍舞之不已。舞之一字执著有力，苍凉中寓含悲壮，悲壮中透露苍凉。“残柳参差舞”这一自然意象，实际上是南宋衰世的象征，隐然包含着虽已残破仍不甘灭亡的意味。这与李商隐《登乐游原》“夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏”，象征唐朝国运的不可挽回有同工之妙。而其作为自然意象之本身，则又补足“今何许”一大反诘之自然意蕴。结笔之意境，实为南宋国运之写照。返观数峰清苦二句，其意蕴正为结尾之伏笔。在此九年之前，辛稼轩作《摸鱼儿》，结云：“休去倚危栏，斜阳正在烟柳断肠处。”乃是同一意境。白石本词用舞字结穴，蕴含无限苍凉悲壮。
善于提空描写，从虚处着笔，是白石词的一大特点。此词将身世之感、家国之恨融为一片，乃南宋爱国词中无价瑰宝。而身世家国皆以自然意象出之，自然意象在词中占优势，又将自然、人生、历史（尚友天随与怀古）、时代打成一片，融为一体。
尤其“今何许”之一大反诘，其意义虽着重于今，但其意味实远远超越之，乃是词人面对自然、人生、历史、时代所提出之一哲学反思。全词意境遂亦提升至于哲理高度。“今何许”，真可媲美于《桃花源记》“问今是何世”，《登幽州台歌》“前不见古人，后不见来者”。这首词无限感慨，全在虚处，正是“意愈切而词愈微”，这种写法，易形成自我抒写之形象与所写之意象间接开距离，造成朦胧之美感。此词声情之配合亦极精妙。上片首句首二字燕雁为叠韵，末句三四字黄昏为双声，下片同位句同位字第四又为叠韵，参差又为双声。分毫不爽，自然天成。双声叠韵之回环，妙用在于为此一尺幅短章增添了声情绵绵无尽之致。
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姜夔《
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点绛唇·丁未冬过吴松作》
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白居易《
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长相思·汴水流》
姜夔简介
唐代·姜夔的简介
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姜夔，南宋文学家、音乐家。人品秀拔，体态清莹，气貌若不胜衣，望之若神仙中人。往来鄂、赣、皖、苏、浙间，与诗人词家杨万里、范成大、辛弃疾等交游。庆元中，曾上书乞正太常雅乐，他少年孤贫，屡试不第，终生未仕，一生转徙江湖，靠卖字和朋友接济为生。他多才多艺，精通音律，能自度曲，其词格律严密。其作品素以空灵含蓄著称，有《白石道人歌曲》等。姜夔对诗词、散文、书法、音乐，无不精善，是继苏轼之后又一难得的艺术全才。
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感旧，集定庵句
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：
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宁调元
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弱冠寻芳数岁华，今年负煞武陵霞。
初弦相见上弦别，不是南天无此花。
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偈颂三十首
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宋代：
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释印肃
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捏不成团拨不开，何须南岳又天台。
六根门首无人用，惹得胡僧特地来。
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千秋岁 赠王子丹麓五十初度，奉次原韵
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清代：
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宋荦
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韦编三换。一石才过半。丘壑性，终难变。传文洛纸贵，顾曲吴绫贱。
便便也，撑肠柱腹皆奇卷。
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颂古二十四首
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宋代：
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释胜
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有喝端如探竿草，无师血脉通红线。
当阳不识李将军，徒学穿杨一枝箭。
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部斋閒居简周伯明寅长
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明代：
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王廷相
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省垣梧竹抱幽虚，吏散萧然似隐居。风冷池亭犹岸帻，日斜窗几有摊书。
身依明主忻难遇，官佐戎机愧自疏。有美东曹称独步，腐儒何幸接簪裾。
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哭槐径弟
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宋代：
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薛嵎
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孤僻由天性，看山独展眉。岂无身后虑，犹课病中诗。
泉石宁非祟，苍旻不可知。平生唯爱菊，增我九秋悲。