蝉
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唐代]：虞世南
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垂緌饮清露，流响出疏桐。
蝉译文及注释
译文
蝉垂下像帽缨一样的触角吸吮着清澈甘甜的露水，声音从挺拔疏朗的梧桐树枝间传出。
蝉声远传是因为蝉居在高树上，而不是依靠秋风。
注释
垂緌（ruí）：古人结在颔下的帽缨下垂部分,蝉的头部伸出的触须,形状与其有些相似。
清露：纯净的露水。古人以为蝉是喝露水生活的，其实是刺吸植物的汁液。
流响：指连续不断的蝉鸣声。
疏：开阔、稀疏。
藉：凭借。
蝉创作背景
李世民夺位李渊后，虞世南任弘文馆学士，成为重臣，但从不傲慢，踏实勤奋，使得李世民对其称赞有加，深得赏识，于是常邀他参加一些典礼活动。一天，李世民起了雅兴，邀请弘文馆学士们共赏海池景色，谈诗论画，李世民询问大家是否有新的诗歌作品，虞世南便诵读出该诗。
参考资料：
1、[宋]欧阳修,[宋]宋祁．新唐书：中华书局，2003年7月
蝉鉴赏
诗人笔下的蝉是人格化了的蝉。三、四句借蝉抒情：品格高洁者，不需借助外力，自能声名远播。
首句“垂緌饮清露”，“緌”是古人结在颔下的帽带下垂部分，蝉的头部有伸出的触须，形状好像下垂的冠缨，故说“垂緌”。古人认为蝉生性高洁，栖高饮露，故说“饮清露”。这一句表面上是写蝉的形状与食性，实际上处处含比兴象征。“垂緌”暗示显宦身份（古代常以“冠缨”指代贵宦）。这显贵的身份地位在一般人心目中，是和“清”有矛盾甚至不相容的，但在作者笔下，却把它们统一在“垂緌饮清露”的形象中了。这“贵”与“清”的统一，正是为三四两句的“清”无须藉“贵”作反铺垫，笔意颇为巧妙。
次句“流响出疏桐”写蝉声之远传。梧桐是高树，着一“疏”字，更见其枝干的高挺清拔，且与末句“秋风”相应。“流响”状蝉声的长鸣不已，悦耳动听，着一“出”字，把蝉声传送的意态形象化了，仿佛使人感受到蝉声的响度与力度。这一句虽只写声，但读者从中却可想见人格化了的蝉那种清华隽朗的高标逸韵。有了这一句对蝉声远传的生动描写，三四两句的发挥才字字有根。
“居高声自远，非是藉秋风”，这是全篇比兴寄托的点睛之笔。它是在上两句的基础上引发出来的诗的议论。蝉声远传，一般人往往以为是藉助于秋风的传送，诗人却别有会心，强调这是由于“居高”而自能致远。这种独特的感受蕴含一个真理：立身品格高洁的人，并不需要某种外在的凭藉（例如权势地位、有力者的帮助），自能声名远播，正像曹丕在《典论。论文》中所说的那样，“不假良史之辞，不托飞驰之势，而声名自传于后。”这里所突出强调的是人格的美，人格的力量。两句中的“自”字、“非”字，一正一反，相互呼应，表达出对人的内在品格的热情赞美和高度自信，表现出一种雍容不迫的风度气韵。唐太宗曾经屡次称赏虞世南的“五绝”（德行、忠直、博学、文词、书翰），诗人笔下的人格化的“蝉”，可能带有自况的意味吧。沈德潜说：“咏蝉者每咏其声，此独尊其品格。”（《唐诗别裁》）这确是一语破的之论。
清施补华《岘佣说诗》云：“三百篇比兴为多，唐人犹得此意。同一咏蝉，虞世南‘居高声自远，端不藉秋风’，是清华人语；骆宾王‘露重飞难进，风多响易沉’，是患难人语；李商隐‘本以高难饱，徒劳恨费声’，是牢骚人语。比兴不同如此。”这三首诗都是唐代托咏蝉以寄意的名作，由于作者地位、遭际、气质的不同，虽同样工于比兴寄托，却呈现出殊异的面貌，构成富有个性特征的艺术形象，本诗与骆宾王的《在狱咏蝉》，李商隐的《蝉》成为唐代文坛“咏蝉”诗的三绝。
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曹雪芹《
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咏白海棠》
虞世南简介
唐代·虞世南的简介
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永兴县文懿子虞世南，字伯施，汉族，余姚（慈溪市观海卫镇鸣鹤场）人。初唐著名书法家、文学家，政治家。隋炀帝时官起居舍人，唐时历任秘书监、弘文馆学士等。唐太宗称他德行、忠直、博学、文词、书翰为五绝（“世南一人，有出世之才，遂兼五绝。一曰忠谠，二曰友悌，三曰博文，四曰词藻，五曰书翰。”原有诗文集30卷，但早已散失不全。民国时期，张寿镛辑成 《虞秘监集》 4卷，收入 《四明丛书》。
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