醉太平·讥贪小利者
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两汉]:佚名
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夺泥燕口,削铁针头,刮金佛面细搜求:无中觅有。鹌鹑嗉里寻豌豆,鹭鸶腿上劈精肉,蚊子腹内刳脂油。亏老先生下手!
醉太平·讥贪小利者译文及注释
译文
从燕子口中夺泥,从针头上削铁屑,从贴着金子的菩萨脸上细细刮金:在没有中找有。从鹌鹑的喉囊里找豌豆,从鹭鸶的腿上劈些精肉,从蚊子的肚子里刳脂油。真亏得你老先生能下得去手。
注释
正宫:宫调名。正宫是元曲常用的宫调,十二宫调之一。醉太平:曲牌名。小令兼用。又名“凌波曲”,入“正宫”,亦入“仙吕”“中吕”。首二句须对仗,五、六、七句鼎足对。
夺泥燕口:从燕子口里夺泥。
削铁针头:从针头上削铁。
刮金佛面:从佛像面上刮金。
鹌(ān)鹑(chún):鸟名,头尾短,状如小鸡。也叫“鹑”。嗉(sù):鸟类食囊。
鹭(lù)鸶(sī):水鸟名,腿长而细瘦,栖沼泽中,捕食鱼类。又称白鹭。劈:用刀刮。精肉:瘦肉。
刳(kū):剖、挖、刮。
老先生:本称极尊者,这里用来讽刺官僚、地主。
参考资料:
1、李 军.唐诗宋词元曲三百首.长春:北方妇女儿童出版社,2002:470
2、李雁 吴冰沁.元散曲经典品读.北京:蓝天出版社,2015:146-147
3、滕 森.元曲三百首彩图馆.北京:中国华侨出版社,2016:392
醉太平·讥贪小利者创作背景
此曲流行于元代,为讽世讥时之作。元代朝廷不给地方官吏发放俸禄,因而掠夺百姓的财富便成了大小官吏谋钱发财的必然途径。此曲正是这种社会背景下的产物。
参考资料:
1、滕 森.元曲三百首彩图馆.北京:中国华侨出版社,2016:392
2、李汉秋 李永祜.元曲精品.北京:北京燕山出版社,1992:160-161
醉太平·讥贪小利者鉴赏
这首小令运用了极度夸张的手法和一系列的巧妙比喻,淋漓尽致地嘲讽了世上那些贪婪成性的猥琐人物。
起首三句,在三个分述和一个总括中,无一字言“贪”,而贪者形象自然跃然纸上。“夺泥燕口”:春天燕子筑巢的时候,是靠着小小的嘴一口一口地衔来泥巴、树枝、羽毛等,一点一点地堆垛起来。一口泥,大约只有人的小指头蛋大小。一只巢,也不知道需要燕子风里雨里飞多少个来回才能筑好。可是这个人却丝毫不怜恤这小小生灵生存的艰辛,不嫌弃它们口里那一点点泥的微不足道,硬是从它们口里夺下一口口泥来!“削铁针头”:其实别说针尖,就是一棵针掉在地上,人们也得摸索半天才能找到。可是这个人硬是能从针头上削下一块铁来拿走!“刮金佛面细搜求”:佛教寺庙里的佛像大多是泥塑或铜雕,表面局部或全身镀金。佛既是彻底悟道者,又是能救济诸难普度众生,是佛教中的膜拜对象。然而,在这个人眼里,佛像完全没有了这种神圣的意义,其所有的价值只在于佛面上那一层薄薄的镀金。他可以全然不顾对佛的冒犯与亵渎,只专心于用刀小心地刮下佛面薄薄的金层。
接下来“无中觅有”一句是对前三句的总括:“无”是一般人眼中的无,“有”是这个人寻觅到的有。他总能在别人都不会注意到的地方找到“可揩之油”“可拔之毛”,让人无法不佩服其眼光的精到敏锐。
五六七句用三个逐步深入的意象,继续挖掘贪者之心:对一切可以捞一把的事物,从不轻易放过。鹌鹑吞到嗉里的豌豆,他要掏出;鹭鸶细长腿上,他要劈下精肉;蚊子小肚内,他要刮出脂油。这一系列艺术的夸张和形象的比喻,鲜明地突出了“贪小利者”的本质。
结句精警,抨击有力。所谓“老先生”者,实指元代的各级官吏,本称极尊者。这里却有的尽是讽刺,反话正说,干净利索却又幽默有力,极富戏剧性。让人惊讶到目瞪口呆,无话可说。
整首小令,显言直说,明白如话,却又潜藏着精心的艺术加工,巧妙运用了夸张和博喻手法,是一首以俗为雅,俗而有趣的俳谑曲中的上乘之作。作者将常人看来根本不可能的六种事物罗列在一起,造成一种奇妙的讽刺效果。正因作者是板起面孔、正经八百地将这些事物罗列在一起,所以才具有了不攻自破的荒唐特点;但动词“夺”“削”“寻”“劈”“刳”的选择、运用和六种比喻排列的工整,以及口语的通俗得体,又显出作者造的苦心经营。遣词造句是经过精心挑选、安排的,然而它给人的整体感却是平白浅近的。它更像一首民谣,于嬉笑怒骂间对当时贪婪无度、黩货病民的贪官污吏、为富不仁者进行了深刻而尖锐的揭露和抨击,生动形象,入木三分,讽刺效果非常强烈。
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纳兰性德《
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采桑子·彤霞久绝飞琼字》
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纳兰性德《
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昭君怨·深禁好春谁惜》
佚名简介
唐代·佚名的简介
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感寓 其十
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明代:
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童轩
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丹山出异鸟,文采光陆离。高飞薄霄汉,虞网巧空施。
昔当有虞氏,此鸟曾来仪。一鸣恊韶乐,千载应昌期。
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论诗呈双鱼 其四
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明代:
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霍与瑕
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国风虽离乱,时闻平淡音。降及离骚作,哀思不可任。
驰骋不可御,纵横更莫伦。遂为词赋祖,精华世所歆。
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塞上二首 其一
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肃靖王
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天山青控戍楼中,画角呜呜咽晚空。沙碛雨颓逢箭镞,战场风急转河蓬。
李陵望国台犹在,蔡琰悲笳怨未穷。猎骑遥遥入霜雾,鸊鹈泉外夕阳红。
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蝶恋花 客中感春
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清代:
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徐釚
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侬似浮萍漂泊里。不道留侬,到便侬留住。柳絮随风花落处。
为侬又惹閒情绪。
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清代:
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沈善宝
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打窗落叶声萧瑟。寒气灯前逼。病来诗思已无聊。添得这般情景、助魂销。
霜鸿阵阵飞何急。岂有愁难说。一番疏雨一番风。知否有人憔悴、小楼中。
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中渡至西俄洛
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清代:
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和瑛
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朝渡雅隆江,浮梁乃舟造。山谷为我庐,又入西南奥。
深林蔽天日,人迹真罕到。凛冽刺毛骨,猬缩马牛踔。