幼女词
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唐代]：施肩吾
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幼女才六岁，未知巧与拙。
向夜在堂前，学人拜新月。
幼女词鉴赏
施肩吾有个天真可爱的小女儿，在诗中不止一次提到，如：“姊妹无多兄弟少，举家钟爱年最小。有时绕树山雀飞，贪看不待画眉了。”（《效古词》）而这首《幼女词》更是含蓄兼风趣的妙品。
诗一开始就着力写幼女之“幼”，先就年龄说，“才六岁”，说“才”不说“已”，意谓还小着呢。再就智力说，尚“未知巧与拙”。这话除表明“幼”外，更有多重意味。表面是说她分不清什么是“巧”、什么是“拙”这类较为抽象的概念；其实，也意味着因幼稚不免常常弄“巧”成“拙”，比方说，会干出“浓朱衍丹唇，黄吻烂漫赤”（左思），“移时施朱铅，狼藉画眉阔”（杜甫）一类令人哭笑不得的事。此外，这里提“巧拙”实偏义于“巧”，暗关末句“拜新月”事。读者一当把二者联系起来，就意会这是在七夕，如同目睹如此动人的“乞巧”场面：“七夕今宵看碧霄，牵牛织女渡河桥。家家乞巧望秋月，穿尽红丝几万条。”（林杰《乞巧》）诗中并没有对人物往事及活动场景作任何叙写，由于巧下一字，就令人想象无穷，收到含蓄之效。
前两句刻划女孩的幼稚之后，末二句就集中于一件情事。时间是七夕，因前面已由“巧”字作了暗示，三句只简作一“夜”字。地点是“堂前”，这是能见“新月”的地方。小女孩干什么呢？她既未和别的孩子一样去寻找萤火，也不向大人索瓜果，却郑重其事地在堂前学着大人“拜新月”呢。读到这里，令人忍俊不禁。“开帘见新月，即便下阶拜”的少女拜月，意在乞巧，而这位“才六岁”的乳臭未干的小女孩拜月，是“不知巧”而乞之，“与‘细语人不闻’（李端《拜新月》）情事各别”（沈德潜语）啊。尽管作者叙述的语气客观，但“学人”二字传达的语义却是揶揄的。小女孩拜月，形式是成年的，内容却是幼稚的，这形成一个冲突，幽默滑稽之感即由此产生。小女孩越是弄“巧”学人，便越发不能藏“拙”。这个“小大人”的形象既逗人而有趣，又纯真而可爱。
这类以歌颂童真为主题的作品，可以追溯到晋左思《娇女诗》，那首五古用铺张的笔墨描写了两个小女孩种种天真情事，颇能穷形尽态。而五绝容不得铺叙。如果把左诗比作画中工笔，则此诗就是画中写意，它删繁就简，削多成一，集中笔墨，只就一件情事写来，以概见幼女的全部天真，甚而勾画出了一幅笔致幽默、妙趣横生的风俗小品画，显示出作者白描手段的高超。
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崔道融《
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牧竖》
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韦庄《
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与小女》
施肩吾简介
唐代·施肩吾的简介
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施肩吾（780-861），唐宪宗元和十五年（公元820年）进士，唐睦州分水县桐岘乡（贤德乡）人，字希圣，号东斋，入道后称栖真子。施肩吾是杭州地区第一位状元（杭州孔子文化纪念馆语），他集诗人、道学家、台湾第一个民间开拓者于一身的历史人物。
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